eCQM Title

Screening for Abnormal Blood Glucose

eCQM Identifier (Measure Authoring Tool) 924 eCQM Version Number 2.0.000
NQF Number Not Applicable GUID 1ef36780-b277-45d1-838c-1a298be7a397
Measurement Period January 1, 20XX through December 31, 20XX
Measure Steward American Medical Association (AMA)
Measure Developer American Medical Association (AMA)
Endorsed By None
Description
Percentage of patients aged 40 years and older with a BMI >= 25 who are seen for at least two office visits or at least one preventive visit during the 12-month period who were screened for abnormal blood glucose at least once in the last 3 years
Copyright
Copyright 2018 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved.
Disclaimer
The Measures are not clinical guidelines, do not establish a standard of medical care, and have not been tested for all potential applications. 

The Measures, while copyrighted, can be reproduced and distributed, without modification, for noncommercial purposes, e.g., use by health care providers in connection with their practices. Commercial use is defined as the sale, license, or distribution of the Measures for commercial gain, or incorporation of the Measures into a product or service that is sold, licensed or distributed for commercial gain. 

Commercial uses of the Measures require a license agreement between the user and American Medical Association (AMA). The AMA shall not be responsible for any use of the Measures. The AMA encourages use of the Measures by other health care professionals, where appropriate.

THE MEASURES AND SPECIFICATIONS ARE PROVIDED “AS IS” WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND.

Limited proprietary coding is contained in the Measure specifications for convenience. Users of the proprietary code sets should obtain all necessary licenses from the owners of these code sets. The AMA disclaims all liability for use or accuracy of any Current Procedural Terminology (CPT[R]) or other coding contained in the specifications.

CPT[R] contained in the Measures specifications is copyright 2004-2017 American Medical Association. LOINC[R] copyright 2004-2017 Regenstrief Institute, Inc. SNOMED CLINICAL TERMS (SNOMED CT[R]) copyright 2004-2017 The International Health Terminology Standards Development Organisation (IHTSDO). ICD-10 is copyright 2017 World Health Organization. All Rights Reserved.

Due to technical limitations, registered trademarks are indicated by (R) or [R].
Measure Scoring Proportion
Measure Type Process
Stratification
None
Risk Adjustment
None
Rate Aggregation
None
Rationale
Overall, screening patients for prediabetes does not occur as often as it should. In a nationally representative sample of patients from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2005-2012, only 45% of those who met screening criteria were actually screened. Additionally, survey data show that while primary care physicians are aware of the guidelines that support screening for prediabetes, there is a disconnect between this knowledge and actual practice.

There are two main guidelines that provide recommendations and guidance regarding screening for prediabetes. One from the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) and one from the American Diabetes Association (ADA). The main difference between the two recommendations is regarding the recommended age range. The USPSTF recommends screening patients aged 40-70 years who are overweight or obese, or younger if they have additional risk factors. The ADA recommends screening patients who are overweight or obese with one risk factors, regardless of age. Additionally, those who have no risk factors should start screening at age 45. After consultation with experts it was decided not to have an upper age limit cut off for this measure, essentially aligning with the ADA recommendation, because patients over the age of 70 can be identified as having prediabetes can subsequently benefit from referral to a diabetes prevention program, referred to medical nutrition therapy with a registered dietitian, or be prescribed metformin. However, as it currently stands, the numerous risk factors recommended in the ADA and USPSTF guidelines are currently not feasible to collect reliably, so this measure currently focuses on the main patient population in the USPSTF recommendation. As guidelines are updated and systems to collect the needed risk factor data elements improve, this measure will be re-evaluated and changes made as appropriate.
Clinical Recommendation Statement
The following evidence statements are quoted verbatim from the referenced clinical guidelines and other sources, where applicable:

The USPSTF recommends screening for abnormal blood glucose as part of cardiovascular risk assessment in adults aged 40 to 70 years of age who are overweight or obese. Clinicians should offer or refer patients with abnormal blood glucose to intensive behavioral counseling interventions to promote a healthful diet and physical activity. (USPSTF, 2015) (B recommendation)

This recommendation applies to adults aged 40 to 70 years who are seen in primary care settings and do not have obvious symptoms of diabetes. Persons who have a family history of diabetes, have a history of gestational diabetes or polycystic ovarian syndrome, or are members of certain race/ethnic groups (that is, African Americans, American Indians, or Alaskan Natives, Asian Americans, Hispanics or Latinos, or Native Hawaiians or Pacific Islanders) may be at increased risk for diabetes at a younger age or at a lower body mass index.  Clinicians should consider screening earlier in persons with 1 or more of these characteristics. (USPSTF, 2015)

Testing for prediabetes and risk for future diabetes in asymptomatic people should be considered in adults of any age who are overweight or obese (BMI >= 25kg/m2 or >= 23kg/m2 in Asian Americans) and who have one or more additional risk factors for diabetes (Table 2.3). (ADA, 2018 ) (B Recommendation)

Table 2.3—Criteria for testing for diabetes or prediabetes in asymptomatic adults

1. Testing should be considered in overweight or obese (BMI >=25kg/m2 or >= 23kg/m2 in Asian Americans) adults who have one or more of the following risk factors:
- First-degree relative with diabetes
- High-risk race/ethnicity (e.g., African American, Latino, Native American, Asian American, Pacific Islander)
- History of CVD
- Hypertension (>= 140-90mmHg or on therapy for hypertension
- HDL cholesterol level < 35mg/dL (0.90mmol/L) and/or triglyceride level > 250mg/dL (2.28mmol/L)
- Women with polycystic ovary syndrome
- Physical inactivity
- Other clinical conditions associated with insulin resistance (e.g., severe obesity, acanthosis nigricans)
2. Patients with prediabetes (A1C >= 5.7% [39mmol/mol], IGT, or IFG) should be tested yearly.
3. Women who were diagnosed with GDM should have lifelong testing at least every 3 years.
4. For all other patients, testing should begin at age 45 years.
5. If results are normal, testing should be repeated at a minimum of 3 year intervals, with consideration for more frequent testing depending on initial results and risk status.

To test for prediabetes, fasting plasma glucose, 2-h plasma glucose during 75-g oral glucose tolerance test, and A1C are equally appropriate. (ADA, 2018) (B Recommendation)
Improvement Notation
Higher score indicates better quality
Reference
Siu L on behalf of the U. S. Preventive Services Taskforce. Screening for abnormal blood glucose and type 2 diabetes mellitus: U. S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation. Ann Intern Med.  2015;163:861-868.
Reference
American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes—2018. Diabetes Care.  2018.  (41)Supplement 1. Available at: http://care.diabetesjournals.org.
Reference
Kiefer M, et al. National patterns in diabetes screening: Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005-2012. J Gen Intern Med. 2014;30(5):  612-618
Reference
Mehta S, Mocarski M, Wisniewski T, Gillepsie K, Narayan Venkat KM, Lang K. Primary care physician’s utilization of type 2 diabetes screening guidelines and referrals to behavioral interventions: a survey-linked retrospective study. BMJ Open Diab Res Care. 2017;5:e000406. Doi:10.1136/bmjdrc-2017-000406.
Reference
Tseng E, Greer R C, O’Rourke, P, Yeh, H-C, McGuire, M M, Clark, J M, & Maruthur, N M. Survey of primary care providers’ knowledge of screening for, diagnosing and managing prediabetes. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 32(11), 1172–1178.
Reference
Smith West D, Bursac Z, Cornell CE, Felix HC, Fausett JK, Krukowski RA, Lensing S, et al. Lay heath providers translate a weight-loss intervention in senior centers. Am J Prev Med.  2011;(41)4:385-391
Reference
Brokaw SM, Carpenedo D, Campbell P, Butcher MK, Furshong G, Helgerson SD, et al. Effectiveness of an adapted diabetes prevention program lifestyle intervention in older and younger adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2015;63:1067-1074.
Reference
Kramer MK, Vanderwood KK, Arena VC, Miller RG, Meehan R, Eaglehouse YL, et al. Evaluation of a diabetes prevention program lifestyle intervention in older adults: A randomized controlled study in three senior/community centers of varying socioeconomic status. The Diabetes EDUCATOR. 2018;44(2):118-129.
Definition
Screening for abnormal blood glucose may include using a fasting plasma glucose, 2-h plasma glucose during a 75g oral glucose tolerance test, or A1C.
Guidance
As this measure is evaluating a screening lab test that has a frequency of occurring at least once in the last three years, the age range for the denominator begins three years after the age range recommended in the evidence-based guideline recommendation. This is to allow for the three year look back period.

If a patient has multiple BMIs documented during the measurement period, the highest BMI documented should be used to evaluate denominator criteria.
Transmission Format
TBD
Initial Population
All patients aged 18 years and older seen for at least two office visits or at least one preventive visit during the measurement period
Denominator
Equals Initial Population who are aged 43 years and older with a BMI >= 25
Denominator Exclusions
Patients who are pregnant, patients who have any existing diagnosis of diabetes (Type 1, Type 2, latent autoimmune diabetes of adults [LADA], monogenic diabetes [MODY]), and patients in palliative care/hospice
Numerator
Patients who were screened for abnormal blood glucose at least once in the last 3 years
Numerator Exclusions
Not Applicable
Denominator Exceptions
Documentation of patient reason(s) for refusing screening for abnormal blood glucose (eg. patient reports having blood glucose checked at another site during the last three years [eg, employee health screening, community health fair])
Supplemental Data Elements
For every patient evaluated by this measure also identify payer, race, ethnicity and sex

Table of Contents


Population Criteria

        • exists ( ["Patient Characteristic Birthdate": "Birth date"] BirthDate
              where Global."CalendarAgeInYearsAt" ( BirthDate.birthDatetime, start of "Measurement Period" ) >= 18
          )
            and ( Count("Office Visit During Measurement Period")>= 2
                or exists "Preventive Visit During Measurement Period"
            )
         
        • "Initial Population"
            and exists ( ["Patient Characteristic Birthdate": "Birth date"] BirthDate
                where Global."CalendarAgeInYearsAt" ( BirthDate.birthDatetime, start of "Measurement Period" ) >= 43
            )
            and "Highest BMI Documented During Measurement Period is Greater Than or Equal to 25"
         
        • "Patient is Pregnant at Encounter"
            or "Patient Has Active Diabetes Diagnosis at Encounter"
            or "Hospice During Measurement Period"
            or "Palliative Care During Measurement Period"
            or "Comfort Measures During Measurement Period"
         
        • exists "A1c Test Performed Within Past 3 Years"
            or exists "Fasting Plasma Glucose Test Performed Within Past 3 Years"
            or exists "Two Hour Plasma Glucose During 75 Gram Oral Glucose Tolerance Test Performed Within Past 3 Years"
         
        • None
         
        • exists "Patient Reason for Not Performing Blood Glucose Test"
         
        • None
         
  • Definitions

    Functions

    Terminology

    • code "Birth date" ("LOINC Code (21112-8)")
    • code "Body mass index (BMI) [Ratio]" ("LOINC Code (39156-5)")
    • code "Diabetes mellitus due to underlying condition without complications" ("ICD10CM Code (E08.9)")
    • code "Discharge to healthcare facility for hospice care (procedure)" ("SNOMEDCT Code (428371000124100)")
    • code "Discharge to home for hospice care (procedure)" ("SNOMEDCT Code (428361000124107)")
    • code "Fasting glucose [Moles/volume] in Serum or Plasma" ("LOINC Code (14771-0)")
    • code "Glucose [Mass/volume] in Serum or Plasma --2 hours post 75 g glucose PO" ("LOINC Code (1518-0)")
    • code "Glucose [Moles/volume] in Serum or Plasma --2 hours post 75 g glucose PO" ("LOINC Code (14995-5)")
    • valueset "Annual Wellness Visit" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.526.3.1240)
    • valueset "Comfort Measures" (2.16.840.1.113883.17.4077.3.2030)
    • valueset "Diabetes" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.103.12.1001)
    • valueset "Encounter Inpatient" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.666.5.307)
    • valueset "Ethnicity" (2.16.840.1.114222.4.11.837)
    • valueset "Fasting Plasma Glucose Lab Test Mass Per Volume" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.526.3.3003)
    • valueset "HbA1c Laboratory Test" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.198.12.1013)
    • valueset "Hospice care ambulatory" (2.16.840.1.113762.1.4.1108.15)
    • valueset "Nursing Facility Visit" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1012)
    • valueset "Office Visit" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1001)
    • valueset "ONC Administrative Sex" (2.16.840.1.113762.1.4.1)
    • valueset "Outpatient Consultation" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1008)
    • valueset "Palliative or Hospice Care" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.600.1.1579)
    • valueset "Patient Reason" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.526.3.1008)
    • valueset "Payer" (2.16.840.1.114222.4.11.3591)
    • valueset "Pregnancy" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.526.3.378)
    • valueset "Preventive Care Services - Established Office Visit, 18 and Up" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1025)
    • valueset "Preventive Care Services - Other" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1030)
    • valueset "Preventive Care Services-Initial Office Visit, 18 and Up" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1023)
    • valueset "Race" (2.16.840.1.114222.4.11.836)

    Data Criteria (QDM Data Elements)

    • "Diagnosis: Diabetes" using "Diabetes (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.103.12.1001)"
    • "Diagnosis: Diabetes mellitus due to underlying condition without complications" using "Diabetes mellitus due to underlying condition without complications (ICD10CM Code E08.9)"
    • "Diagnosis: Pregnancy" using "Pregnancy (2.16.840.1.113883.3.526.3.378)"
    • "Encounter, Performed: Annual Wellness Visit" using "Annual Wellness Visit (2.16.840.1.113883.3.526.3.1240)"
    • "Encounter, Performed: Encounter Inpatient" using "Encounter Inpatient (2.16.840.1.113883.3.666.5.307)"
    • "Encounter, Performed: Nursing Facility Visit" using "Nursing Facility Visit (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1012)"
    • "Encounter, Performed: Office Visit" using "Office Visit (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1001)"
    • "Encounter, Performed: Outpatient Consultation" using "Outpatient Consultation (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1008)"
    • "Encounter, Performed: Preventive Care Services - Established Office Visit, 18 and Up" using "Preventive Care Services - Established Office Visit, 18 and Up (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1025)"
    • "Encounter, Performed: Preventive Care Services - Other" using "Preventive Care Services - Other (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1030)"
    • "Encounter, Performed: Preventive Care Services-Initial Office Visit, 18 and Up" using "Preventive Care Services-Initial Office Visit, 18 and Up (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1023)"
    • "Intervention, Order: Comfort Measures" using "Comfort Measures (2.16.840.1.113883.17.4077.3.2030)"
    • "Intervention, Order: Hospice care ambulatory" using "Hospice care ambulatory (2.16.840.1.113762.1.4.1108.15)"
    • "Intervention, Order: Palliative or Hospice Care" using "Palliative or Hospice Care (2.16.840.1.113883.3.600.1.1579)"
    • "Intervention, Performed: Comfort Measures" using "Comfort Measures (2.16.840.1.113883.17.4077.3.2030)"
    • "Intervention, Performed: Hospice care ambulatory" using "Hospice care ambulatory (2.16.840.1.113762.1.4.1108.15)"
    • "Intervention, Performed: Palliative or Hospice Care" using "Palliative or Hospice Care (2.16.840.1.113883.3.600.1.1579)"
    • "Laboratory Test, Not Performed: Fasting glucose [Moles/volume] in Serum or Plasma" using "Fasting glucose [Moles/volume] in Serum or Plasma (LOINC Code 14771-0)"
    • "Laboratory Test, Not Performed: Fasting Plasma Glucose Lab Test Mass Per Volume" using "Fasting Plasma Glucose Lab Test Mass Per Volume (2.16.840.1.113883.3.526.3.3003)"
    • "Laboratory Test, Not Performed: Glucose [Mass/volume] in Serum or Plasma --2 hours post 75 g glucose PO" using "Glucose [Mass/volume] in Serum or Plasma --2 hours post 75 g glucose PO (LOINC Code 1518-0)"
    • "Laboratory Test, Not Performed: Glucose [Moles/volume] in Serum or Plasma --2 hours post 75 g glucose PO" using "Glucose [Moles/volume] in Serum or Plasma --2 hours post 75 g glucose PO (LOINC Code 14995-5)"
    • "Laboratory Test, Not Performed: HbA1c Laboratory Test" using "HbA1c Laboratory Test (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.198.12.1013)"
    • "Laboratory Test, Performed: Fasting glucose [Moles/volume] in Serum or Plasma" using "Fasting glucose [Moles/volume] in Serum or Plasma (LOINC Code 14771-0)"
    • "Laboratory Test, Performed: Fasting Plasma Glucose Lab Test Mass Per Volume" using "Fasting Plasma Glucose Lab Test Mass Per Volume (2.16.840.1.113883.3.526.3.3003)"
    • "Laboratory Test, Performed: Glucose [Mass/volume] in Serum or Plasma --2 hours post 75 g glucose PO" using "Glucose [Mass/volume] in Serum or Plasma --2 hours post 75 g glucose PO (LOINC Code 1518-0)"
    • "Laboratory Test, Performed: Glucose [Moles/volume] in Serum or Plasma --2 hours post 75 g glucose PO" using "Glucose [Moles/volume] in Serum or Plasma --2 hours post 75 g glucose PO (LOINC Code 14995-5)"
    • "Laboratory Test, Performed: HbA1c Laboratory Test" using "HbA1c Laboratory Test (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.198.12.1013)"
    • "Patient Characteristic Birthdate: Birth date" using "Birth date (LOINC Code 21112-8)"
    • "Patient Characteristic Ethnicity: Ethnicity" using "Ethnicity (2.16.840.1.114222.4.11.837)"
    • "Patient Characteristic Payer: Payer" using "Payer (2.16.840.1.114222.4.11.3591)"
    • "Patient Characteristic Race: Race" using "Race (2.16.840.1.114222.4.11.836)"
    • "Patient Characteristic Sex: ONC Administrative Sex" using "ONC Administrative Sex (2.16.840.1.113762.1.4.1)"
    • "Physical Exam, Performed: Body mass index (BMI) [Ratio]" using "Body mass index (BMI) [Ratio] (LOINC Code 39156-5)"

    Supplemental Data Elements

    Risk Adjustment Variables


    Measure Set