eCQM Title | Screening for Abnormal Blood Glucose |
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eCQM Identifier (Measure Authoring Tool) | 924 | eCQM Version Number | 2.0.000 |
NQF Number | Not Applicable | GUID | 1ef36780-b277-45d1-838c-1a298be7a397 |
Measurement Period | January 1, 20XX through December 31, 20XX | ||
Measure Steward | American Medical Association (AMA) | ||
Measure Developer | American Medical Association (AMA) | ||
Endorsed By | None | ||
Description |
Percentage of patients aged 40 years and older with a BMI >= 25 who are seen for at least two office visits or at least one preventive visit during the 12-month period who were screened for abnormal blood glucose at least once in the last 3 years |
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Copyright |
Copyright 2018 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved. |
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Disclaimer |
The Measures are not clinical guidelines, do not establish a standard of medical care, and have not been tested for all potential applications. The Measures, while copyrighted, can be reproduced and distributed, without modification, for noncommercial purposes, e.g., use by health care providers in connection with their practices. Commercial use is defined as the sale, license, or distribution of the Measures for commercial gain, or incorporation of the Measures into a product or service that is sold, licensed or distributed for commercial gain. Commercial uses of the Measures require a license agreement between the user and American Medical Association (AMA). The AMA shall not be responsible for any use of the Measures. The AMA encourages use of the Measures by other health care professionals, where appropriate. THE MEASURES AND SPECIFICATIONS ARE PROVIDED “AS IS” WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND. Limited proprietary coding is contained in the Measure specifications for convenience. Users of the proprietary code sets should obtain all necessary licenses from the owners of these code sets. The AMA disclaims all liability for use or accuracy of any Current Procedural Terminology (CPT[R]) or other coding contained in the specifications. CPT[R] contained in the Measures specifications is copyright 2004-2017 American Medical Association. LOINC[R] copyright 2004-2017 Regenstrief Institute, Inc. SNOMED CLINICAL TERMS (SNOMED CT[R]) copyright 2004-2017 The International Health Terminology Standards Development Organisation (IHTSDO). ICD-10 is copyright 2017 World Health Organization. All Rights Reserved. Due to technical limitations, registered trademarks are indicated by (R) or [R]. |
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Measure Scoring | Proportion | ||
Measure Type | Process | ||
Stratification |
None |
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Risk Adjustment |
None |
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Rate Aggregation |
None |
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Rationale |
Overall, screening patients for prediabetes does not occur as often as it should. In a nationally representative sample of patients from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2005-2012, only 45% of those who met screening criteria were actually screened. Additionally, survey data show that while primary care physicians are aware of the guidelines that support screening for prediabetes, there is a disconnect between this knowledge and actual practice. There are two main guidelines that provide recommendations and guidance regarding screening for prediabetes. One from the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) and one from the American Diabetes Association (ADA). The main difference between the two recommendations is regarding the recommended age range. The USPSTF recommends screening patients aged 40-70 years who are overweight or obese, or younger if they have additional risk factors. The ADA recommends screening patients who are overweight or obese with one risk factors, regardless of age. Additionally, those who have no risk factors should start screening at age 45. After consultation with experts it was decided not to have an upper age limit cut off for this measure, essentially aligning with the ADA recommendation, because patients over the age of 70 can be identified as having prediabetes can subsequently benefit from referral to a diabetes prevention program, referred to medical nutrition therapy with a registered dietitian, or be prescribed metformin. However, as it currently stands, the numerous risk factors recommended in the ADA and USPSTF guidelines are currently not feasible to collect reliably, so this measure currently focuses on the main patient population in the USPSTF recommendation. As guidelines are updated and systems to collect the needed risk factor data elements improve, this measure will be re-evaluated and changes made as appropriate. |
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Clinical Recommendation Statement |
The following evidence statements are quoted verbatim from the referenced clinical guidelines and other sources, where applicable: The USPSTF recommends screening for abnormal blood glucose as part of cardiovascular risk assessment in adults aged 40 to 70 years of age who are overweight or obese. Clinicians should offer or refer patients with abnormal blood glucose to intensive behavioral counseling interventions to promote a healthful diet and physical activity. (USPSTF, 2015) (B recommendation) This recommendation applies to adults aged 40 to 70 years who are seen in primary care settings and do not have obvious symptoms of diabetes. Persons who have a family history of diabetes, have a history of gestational diabetes or polycystic ovarian syndrome, or are members of certain race/ethnic groups (that is, African Americans, American Indians, or Alaskan Natives, Asian Americans, Hispanics or Latinos, or Native Hawaiians or Pacific Islanders) may be at increased risk for diabetes at a younger age or at a lower body mass index. Clinicians should consider screening earlier in persons with 1 or more of these characteristics. (USPSTF, 2015) Testing for prediabetes and risk for future diabetes in asymptomatic people should be considered in adults of any age who are overweight or obese (BMI >= 25kg/m2 or >= 23kg/m2 in Asian Americans) and who have one or more additional risk factors for diabetes (Table 2.3). (ADA, 2018 ) (B Recommendation) Table 2.3—Criteria for testing for diabetes or prediabetes in asymptomatic adults 1. Testing should be considered in overweight or obese (BMI >=25kg/m2 or >= 23kg/m2 in Asian Americans) adults who have one or more of the following risk factors: - First-degree relative with diabetes - High-risk race/ethnicity (e.g., African American, Latino, Native American, Asian American, Pacific Islander) - History of CVD - Hypertension (>= 140-90mmHg or on therapy for hypertension - HDL cholesterol level < 35mg/dL (0.90mmol/L) and/or triglyceride level > 250mg/dL (2.28mmol/L) - Women with polycystic ovary syndrome - Physical inactivity - Other clinical conditions associated with insulin resistance (e.g., severe obesity, acanthosis nigricans) 2. Patients with prediabetes (A1C >= 5.7% [39mmol/mol], IGT, or IFG) should be tested yearly. 3. Women who were diagnosed with GDM should have lifelong testing at least every 3 years. 4. For all other patients, testing should begin at age 45 years. 5. If results are normal, testing should be repeated at a minimum of 3 year intervals, with consideration for more frequent testing depending on initial results and risk status. To test for prediabetes, fasting plasma glucose, 2-h plasma glucose during 75-g oral glucose tolerance test, and A1C are equally appropriate. (ADA, 2018) (B Recommendation) |
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Improvement Notation |
Higher score indicates better quality |
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Reference |
Siu L on behalf of the U. S. Preventive Services Taskforce. Screening for abnormal blood glucose and type 2 diabetes mellitus: U. S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation. Ann Intern Med. 2015;163:861-868. |
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Reference |
American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes—2018. Diabetes Care. 2018. (41)Supplement 1. Available at: http://care.diabetesjournals.org. |
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Reference |
Kiefer M, et al. National patterns in diabetes screening: Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005-2012. J Gen Intern Med. 2014;30(5): 612-618 |
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Reference |
Mehta S, Mocarski M, Wisniewski T, Gillepsie K, Narayan Venkat KM, Lang K. Primary care physician’s utilization of type 2 diabetes screening guidelines and referrals to behavioral interventions: a survey-linked retrospective study. BMJ Open Diab Res Care. 2017;5:e000406. Doi:10.1136/bmjdrc-2017-000406. |
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Reference |
Tseng E, Greer R C, O’Rourke, P, Yeh, H-C, McGuire, M M, Clark, J M, & Maruthur, N M. Survey of primary care providers’ knowledge of screening for, diagnosing and managing prediabetes. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 32(11), 1172–1178. |
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Reference |
Smith West D, Bursac Z, Cornell CE, Felix HC, Fausett JK, Krukowski RA, Lensing S, et al. Lay heath providers translate a weight-loss intervention in senior centers. Am J Prev Med. 2011;(41)4:385-391 |
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Reference |
Brokaw SM, Carpenedo D, Campbell P, Butcher MK, Furshong G, Helgerson SD, et al. Effectiveness of an adapted diabetes prevention program lifestyle intervention in older and younger adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2015;63:1067-1074. |
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Reference |
Kramer MK, Vanderwood KK, Arena VC, Miller RG, Meehan R, Eaglehouse YL, et al. Evaluation of a diabetes prevention program lifestyle intervention in older adults: A randomized controlled study in three senior/community centers of varying socioeconomic status. The Diabetes EDUCATOR. 2018;44(2):118-129. |
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Definition |
Screening for abnormal blood glucose may include using a fasting plasma glucose, 2-h plasma glucose during a 75g oral glucose tolerance test, or A1C. |
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Guidance |
As this measure is evaluating a screening lab test that has a frequency of occurring at least once in the last three years, the age range for the denominator begins three years after the age range recommended in the evidence-based guideline recommendation. This is to allow for the three year look back period. If a patient has multiple BMIs documented during the measurement period, the highest BMI documented should be used to evaluate denominator criteria. |
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Transmission Format |
TBD |
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Initial Population |
All patients aged 18 years and older seen for at least two office visits or at least one preventive visit during the measurement period |
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Denominator |
Equals Initial Population who are aged 43 years and older with a BMI >= 25 |
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Denominator Exclusions |
Patients who are pregnant, patients who have any existing diagnosis of diabetes (Type 1, Type 2, latent autoimmune diabetes of adults [LADA], monogenic diabetes [MODY]), and patients in palliative care/hospice |
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Numerator |
Patients who were screened for abnormal blood glucose at least once in the last 3 years |
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Numerator Exclusions |
Not Applicable |
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Denominator Exceptions |
Documentation of patient reason(s) for refusing screening for abnormal blood glucose (eg. patient reports having blood glucose checked at another site during the last three years [eg, employee health screening, community health fair]) |
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Supplemental Data Elements |
For every patient evaluated by this measure also identify payer, race, ethnicity and sex |
exists ( ["Patient Characteristic Birthdate": "Birth date"] BirthDate where Global."CalendarAgeInYearsAt" ( BirthDate.birthDatetime, start of "Measurement Period" ) >= 18 ) and ( Count("Office Visit During Measurement Period")>= 2 or exists "Preventive Visit During Measurement Period" )
"Initial Population" and exists ( ["Patient Characteristic Birthdate": "Birth date"] BirthDate where Global."CalendarAgeInYearsAt" ( BirthDate.birthDatetime, start of "Measurement Period" ) >= 43 ) and "Highest BMI Documented During Measurement Period is Greater Than or Equal to 25"
"Patient is Pregnant at Encounter" or "Patient Has Active Diabetes Diagnosis at Encounter" or "Hospice During Measurement Period" or "Palliative Care During Measurement Period" or "Comfort Measures During Measurement Period"
exists "A1c Test Performed Within Past 3 Years" or exists "Fasting Plasma Glucose Test Performed Within Past 3 Years" or exists "Two Hour Plasma Glucose During 75 Gram Oral Glucose Tolerance Test Performed Within Past 3 Years"
None
exists "Patient Reason for Not Performing Blood Glucose Test"
None
["Laboratory Test, Performed": "HbA1c Laboratory Test"] HbA1cTest where HbA1cTest.relevantDatetime 3 years or less before end of "Measurement Period" and HbA1cTest.result is not null
["Physical Exam, Performed": "Body mass index (BMI) [Ratio]"] BMIExam with "Encounter During Measurement Period" VisitDuringMP such that BMIExam.relevantDatetime during VisitDuringMP.relevantPeriod and BMIExam.result >= 0 'kg/m2' return BMIExam.result as Decimal
exists ( ["Intervention, Order": "Comfort Measures"] ComfortMeasuresOrdered where ComfortMeasuresOrdered.authorDatetime during "Measurement Period" ) or exists ( ["Intervention, Performed": "Comfort Measures"] ComfortMeasuresPerformed where ComfortMeasuresPerformed.relevantPeriod overlaps "Measurement Period" )
"Initial Population" and exists ( ["Patient Characteristic Birthdate": "Birth date"] BirthDate where Global."CalendarAgeInYearsAt" ( BirthDate.birthDatetime, start of "Measurement Period" ) >= 43 ) and "Highest BMI Documented During Measurement Period is Greater Than or Equal to 25"
exists "Patient Reason for Not Performing Blood Glucose Test"
"Patient is Pregnant at Encounter" or "Patient Has Active Diabetes Diagnosis at Encounter" or "Hospice During Measurement Period" or "Palliative Care During Measurement Period" or "Comfort Measures During Measurement Period"
"Preventive Visit During Measurement Period" union "Office Visit During Measurement Period"
( ["Laboratory Test, Performed": "Fasting Plasma Glucose Lab Test Mass Per Volume"] FastingGlucoseTestMass where FastingGlucoseTestMass.relevantDatetime 3 years or less before end of "Measurement Period" and FastingGlucoseTestMass.result is not null ) union ( ["Laboratory Test, Performed": "Fasting glucose [Moles/volume] in Serum or Plasma"] FastingGlucoseTestMoles where FastingGlucoseTestMoles.relevantDatetime 3 years or less before end of "Measurement Period" and FastingGlucoseTestMoles.result is not null )
Max("BMI Performed at Encounter During Measurement Period")
"Highest BMI Documented During Measurement Period" >= 25.0
exists ( ["Encounter, Performed": "Encounter Inpatient"] DischargeHospice where ( DischargeHospice.dischargeDisposition as Code ~ "Discharge to home for hospice care (procedure)" or DischargeHospice.dischargeDisposition as Code ~ "Discharge to healthcare facility for hospice care (procedure)" ) and DischargeHospice.relevantPeriod ends during "Measurement Period" ) or exists ( ["Intervention, Order": "Hospice care ambulatory"] HospiceOrder where HospiceOrder.authorDatetime during "Measurement Period" ) or exists ( ["Intervention, Performed": "Hospice care ambulatory"] HospicePerformed where HospicePerformed.relevantPeriod overlaps "Measurement Period" )
exists ( ["Patient Characteristic Birthdate": "Birth date"] BirthDate where Global."CalendarAgeInYearsAt" ( BirthDate.birthDatetime, start of "Measurement Period" ) >= 18 ) and ( Count("Office Visit During Measurement Period")>= 2 or exists "Preventive Visit During Measurement Period" )
exists "A1c Test Performed Within Past 3 Years" or exists "Fasting Plasma Glucose Test Performed Within Past 3 Years" or exists "Two Hour Plasma Glucose During 75 Gram Oral Glucose Tolerance Test Performed Within Past 3 Years"
( ["Encounter, Performed": "Office Visit"] union ["Encounter, Performed": "Outpatient Consultation"] union ["Encounter, Performed": "Nursing Facility Visit"] ) OfficeEncounter where OfficeEncounter.relevantPeriod during "Measurement Period"
exists ( ["Intervention, Order": "Palliative or Hospice Care"] PalliativeCareOrdered where PalliativeCareOrdered.authorDatetime during "Measurement Period" ) or exists ( ["Intervention, Performed": "Palliative or Hospice Care"] PalliativeCarePerformed where PalliativeCarePerformed.relevantPeriod overlaps "Measurement Period" )
exists ( ["Diagnosis": "Diabetes"] union ["Diagnosis": "Diabetes mellitus due to underlying condition without complications"] ) DiabetesDiagnosis with "Encounter During Measurement Period" VisitDuringMP such that DiabetesDiagnosis.prevalencePeriod overlaps after VisitDuringMP.relevantPeriod
exists ( ["Diagnosis": "Pregnancy"] PregnancyDiagnosis with "Encounter During Measurement Period" VisitDuringMP such that PregnancyDiagnosis.prevalencePeriod overlaps after VisitDuringMP.relevantPeriod )
( ["Laboratory Test, Not Performed": "HbA1c Laboratory Test"] union ["Laboratory Test, Not Performed": "Fasting Plasma Glucose Lab Test Mass Per Volume"] union ["Laboratory Test, Not Performed": "Fasting glucose [Moles/volume] in Serum or Plasma"] union ["Laboratory Test, Not Performed": "Glucose [Mass/volume] in Serum or Plasma --2 hours post 75 g glucose PO"] union ["Laboratory Test, Not Performed": "Glucose [Moles/volume] in Serum or Plasma --2 hours post 75 g glucose PO"] ) NoBloodGlucoseTest with "Encounter During Measurement Period" VisitDuringMP such that NoBloodGlucoseTest.authorDatetime during VisitDuringMP.relevantPeriod where NoBloodGlucoseTest.negationRationale in "Patient Reason"
( ["Encounter, Performed": "Annual Wellness Visit"] union ["Encounter, Performed": "Preventive Care Services - Established Office Visit, 18 and Up"] union ["Encounter, Performed": "Preventive Care Services - Other"] union ["Encounter, Performed": "Preventive Care Services-Initial Office Visit, 18 and Up"] ) PreventiveVisit where PreventiveVisit.relevantPeriod during "Measurement Period"
["Patient Characteristic Ethnicity": "Ethnicity"]
["Patient Characteristic Payer": "Payer"]
["Patient Characteristic Race": "Race"]
["Patient Characteristic Sex": "ONC Administrative Sex"]
( ["Laboratory Test, Performed": "Glucose [Mass/volume] in Serum or Plasma --2 hours post 75 g glucose PO"] OralGlucoseTestMass where OralGlucoseTestMass.relevantDatetime 3 years or less before end of "Measurement Period" and OralGlucoseTestMass.result is not null ) union ( ["Laboratory Test, Performed": "Glucose [Moles/volume] in Serum or Plasma --2 hours post 75 g glucose PO"] OralGlucoseTestMoles where OralGlucoseTestMoles.relevantDatetime 3 years or less before end of "Measurement Period" and OralGlucoseTestMoles.result is not null )
years between ToDate(BirthDateTime)and ToDate(AsOf)
DateTime(year from Value, month from Value, day from Value, 0, 0, 0, 0, timezoneoffset from Value)
["Patient Characteristic Ethnicity": "Ethnicity"]
["Patient Characteristic Payer": "Payer"]
["Patient Characteristic Race": "Race"]
["Patient Characteristic Sex": "ONC Administrative Sex"]
Measure Set |
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