eCQM Title

Intervention for Prediabetes

eCQM Identifier (Measure Authoring Tool) 925 eCQM Version Number 2.0.000
NQF Number Not Applicable GUID 0c9106d1-6f9d-4ea0-b2f0-b7cbd4817852
Measurement Period January 1, 20XX through December 31, 20XX
Measure Steward American Medical Association (AMA)
Measure Developer American Medical Association (AMA)
Endorsed By None
Description
Percentage of patients aged 18 years and older with identified abnormal lab result in the range of prediabetes during the 12-month measurement period who were provided an intervention
Copyright
Copyright 2018 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved.
Disclaimer
The Measures are not clinical guidelines, do not establish a standard of medical care, and have not been tested for all potential applications. 

The Measures, while copyrighted, can be reproduced and distributed, without modification, for noncommercial purposes, e.g., use by health care providers in connection with their practices. Commercial use is defined as the sale, license, or distribution of the Measures for commercial gain, or incorporation of the Measures into a product or service that is sold, licensed or distributed for commercial gain. 

Commercial uses of the Measures require a license agreement between the user and American Medical Association (AMA). The AMA shall not be responsible for any use of the Measures. The AMA encourages use of the Measures by other health care professionals, where appropriate.

THE MEASURES AND SPECIFICATIONS ARE PROVIDED “AS IS” WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND.

Limited proprietary coding is contained in the Measure specifications for convenience. Users of the proprietary code sets should obtain all necessary licenses from the owners of these code sets. The AMA disclaims all liability for use or accuracy of any Current Procedural Terminology (CPT[R]) or other coding contained in the specifications.

CPT[R] contained in the Measures specifications is copyright 2004-2017 American Medical Association. LOINC[R] copyright 2004-2017 Regenstrief Institute, Inc. SNOMED CLINICAL TERMS (SNOMED CT[R]) copyright 2004-2017 The International Health Terminology Standards Development Organisation (IHTSDO). ICD-10 is copyright 2017 World Health Organization. All Rights Reserved.

Due to technical limitations, registered trademarks are indicated by (R) or [R].
Measure Scoring Proportion
Measure Type Process
Stratification
None
Risk Adjustment
None
Rate Aggregation
None
Rationale
Patients who are diagnosed with prediabetes benefit from referral to intervention programs. Data from the 2012 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey show that only 23% of visits that were associated with prediabetes showed that any type of referral or intervention was made. In a small study, survey data show that while providers report following patients with prediabetes closely, only 11% reported referring to a behavioral weight loss program. Data support that there is room for improvement in providing patients with prediabetes an intervention.
Clinical Recommendation Statement
The following evidence statements are quoted verbatim from the referenced clinical guidelines and other sources, where applicable:

The USPSTF recommends screening for abnormal blood glucose as part of cardiovascular risk assessment in adults aged 40 to 70 years of age who are overweight or obese. Clinicians should offer or refer patients with abnormal blood glucose to intensive behavioral counseling interventions to promote a healthful diet and physical activity. (USPSTF, 2015) (B recommendation)

Patients with prediabetes should be referred to an intensive behavioral lifestyle intervention program modeled on the Diabetes Prevention Program to achieve and maintain 7% loss of initial body weight and increase moderate-intensity physical activity (such as brisk walking) to at least 150 min/week. (ADA, 2018) (A)

Metformin therapy for prevention of type 2 diabetes should be considered in those with prediabetes, especially for those with BMI >= 35 kg/m2, those aged < 60 years, women with prior gestational diabetes mellitus. (ADA, 20181) (A)

“As is the case for those with diabetes, individualized medical nutrition therapy (see Section 4 “Lifestyle Management” for more detailed information) is effective in lowering A1C in individuals diagnosed with prediabetes.”

Recommendation from Section 4: Lifestyle Management: An individualized MNT program, preferably provided by a registered dietitian, is recommended for all people with type 1 or type 2 diabetes or gestational diabetes mellitus. (ADA, 2018) (A)
Improvement Notation
Higher score indicates better quality
Reference
Siu L on behalf of the U. S. Preventive Services Taskforce. Screening for abnormal blood glucose and type 2 diabetes mellitus: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation. Ann Intern Med. 2015;163:861-868.
Reference
American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes—2018. Diabetes Care. 2018. (41)Supplement 1. Available at: http://care.diabetesjournals.org.
Reference
Mainous A G, Tanner R J, & Baker R. Prediabetes Diagnosis and Treatment in Primary Care. The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine. 2016. 29(2), 283–285. 
Reference
Tseng E, Greer RC, O’Rourke, P, Yeh, H-C, McGuire, MM, Clark, JM, & Maruthur, NM. Survey of primary care providers’ knowledge of screening for, diagnosing and managing prediabetes. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 32(11), 1172–1178.
Definition
Abnormal lab result in the range of prediabetes includes: 
-a fasting plasma glucose level between 100 mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L) to 125 mg/dL (6.9 mmol/L);
-a 2-hour glucose during a 75g oral glucose tolerance test between 140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L) to 199 mg/dL (11.0 mmol/L);
 -A1C between 5.7-6.4% (39-47 mmol/mol).

For the purposes of this measure, an intervention must include one of the following: 
-referral to a CDC-recognized diabetes prevention program; 
-referral to medical nutrition therapy with a registered dietician; 
-prescription of metformin.
Guidance
Only glucose tests performed during January 1- November 30 of the measurement period will be considered for this measure. This is to provide adequate time for the blood glucose tests to be reviewed and the intervention performed before the end of the measurement period. Glucose tests performed between December 1 – December 31 are excluded from the denominator. 

It is recommended that results be reported by type of intervention to which the patient was referred (ie, CDC-recognized diabetes prevention program; referral to medical nutrition therapy with a registered dietician; prescription of metformin) so that the provider understands their referral patterns.
Transmission Format
TBD
Initial Population
All patients aged 18 years and older seen for at least two office visits or at least one preventive visit during the measurement period
Denominator
All patients aged 18 years and older with identified abnormal lab result in the range of prediabetes during the 12-month measurement period
Denominator Exclusions
Patients who are pregnant and patients who have any existing diagnosis of diabetes (Type 1, Type 2, latent autoimmune diabetes of adults [LADA], monogenic diabetes [MODY])
Numerator
Patients who were provided an intervention
Numerator Exclusions
Not Applicable
Denominator Exceptions
Documentation of medical reason(s) for not providing an intervention for prediabetes (eg, limited life expectancy, lack of program availability, other medical reason)

Documentation of patient reason(s) for not providing an intervention (eg, patient refusal)
Supplemental Data Elements
For every patient evaluated by this measure also identify payer, race, ethnicity and sex

Table of Contents


Population Criteria

        • exists ( ["Patient Characteristic Birthdate": "Birth date"] BirthDate
              where Global."CalendarAgeInYearsAt" ( BirthDate.birthDatetime, start of "Measurement Period" ) >= 18
          )
            and ( Count("Office Visit During Measurement Period")>= 2
                or exists "Preventive Visit During Measurement Period"
            )
         
        • "Initial Population"
            and exists "Blood Glucose Test Results in Prediabetes Range"
         
        • "Patient is Pregnant at Encounter"
            or "Patient Has Active Diabetes Diagnosis at Encounter"
         
        • exists "Referred to Diabetes Prevention Program"
            or exists "Referred to Registered Dietician"
            or exists "Metformin Ordered"
         
        • None
         
        • exists "Patient or Medical Reason for Not Providing Intervention for Prediabetes"
            or exists "Limited Life Expectancy Diagnosis"
         
        • None
         
  • Definitions

    Functions

    Terminology

    • code "Birth date" ("LOINC Code (21112-8)")
    • code "Diabetes mellitus due to underlying condition without complications" ("ICD10CM Code (E08.9)")
    • code "Fasting glucose [Moles/volume] in Serum or Plasma" ("LOINC Code (14771-0)")
    • code "Glucose [Mass/volume] in Serum or Plasma --2 hours post 75 g glucose PO" ("LOINC Code (1518-0)")
    • code "Glucose [Moles/volume] in Serum or Plasma --2 hours post 75 g glucose PO" ("LOINC Code (14995-5)")
    • valueset "Annual Wellness Visit" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.526.3.1240)
    • valueset "Diabetes" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.103.12.1001)
    • valueset "Ethnicity" (2.16.840.1.114222.4.11.837)
    • valueset "Fasting Plasma Glucose Lab Test Mass Per Volume" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.526.3.3003)
    • valueset "HbA1c Laboratory Test" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.198.12.1013)
    • valueset "Limited Life Expectancy" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.526.3.1259)
    • valueset "Medical Reason" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.526.3.1007)
    • valueset "Metformin" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.526.3.3000)
    • valueset "Nursing Facility Visit" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1012)
    • valueset "Office Visit" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1001)
    • valueset "ONC Administrative Sex" (2.16.840.1.113762.1.4.1)
    • valueset "Outpatient Consultation" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1008)
    • valueset "Patient Reason" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.526.3.1008)
    • valueset "Payer" (2.16.840.1.114222.4.11.3591)
    • valueset "Pregnancy" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.526.3.378)
    • valueset "Preventive Care Services - Established Office Visit, 18 and Up" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1025)
    • valueset "Preventive Care Services - Other" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1030)
    • valueset "Preventive Care Services-Initial Office Visit, 18 and Up" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1023)
    • valueset "Race" (2.16.840.1.114222.4.11.836)
    • valueset "Referral to Diabetes Prevention Program" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.526.3.3005)
    • valueset "Referral to Dietitian" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.526.3.3001)

    Data Criteria (QDM Data Elements)

    • "Diagnosis: Diabetes" using "Diabetes (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.103.12.1001)"
    • "Diagnosis: Diabetes mellitus due to underlying condition without complications" using "Diabetes mellitus due to underlying condition without complications (ICD10CM Code E08.9)"
    • "Diagnosis: Limited Life Expectancy" using "Limited Life Expectancy (2.16.840.1.113883.3.526.3.1259)"
    • "Diagnosis: Pregnancy" using "Pregnancy (2.16.840.1.113883.3.526.3.378)"
    • "Encounter, Performed: Annual Wellness Visit" using "Annual Wellness Visit (2.16.840.1.113883.3.526.3.1240)"
    • "Encounter, Performed: Nursing Facility Visit" using "Nursing Facility Visit (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1012)"
    • "Encounter, Performed: Office Visit" using "Office Visit (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1001)"
    • "Encounter, Performed: Outpatient Consultation" using "Outpatient Consultation (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1008)"
    • "Encounter, Performed: Preventive Care Services - Established Office Visit, 18 and Up" using "Preventive Care Services - Established Office Visit, 18 and Up (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1025)"
    • "Encounter, Performed: Preventive Care Services - Other" using "Preventive Care Services - Other (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1030)"
    • "Encounter, Performed: Preventive Care Services-Initial Office Visit, 18 and Up" using "Preventive Care Services-Initial Office Visit, 18 and Up (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1023)"
    • "Intervention, Not Performed: Referral to Diabetes Prevention Program" using "Referral to Diabetes Prevention Program (2.16.840.1.113883.3.526.3.3005)"
    • "Intervention, Not Performed: Referral to Dietitian" using "Referral to Dietitian (2.16.840.1.113883.3.526.3.3001)"
    • "Intervention, Performed: Referral to Diabetes Prevention Program" using "Referral to Diabetes Prevention Program (2.16.840.1.113883.3.526.3.3005)"
    • "Intervention, Performed: Referral to Dietitian" using "Referral to Dietitian (2.16.840.1.113883.3.526.3.3001)"
    • "Laboratory Test, Performed: Fasting glucose [Moles/volume] in Serum or Plasma" using "Fasting glucose [Moles/volume] in Serum or Plasma (LOINC Code 14771-0)"
    • "Laboratory Test, Performed: Fasting Plasma Glucose Lab Test Mass Per Volume" using "Fasting Plasma Glucose Lab Test Mass Per Volume (2.16.840.1.113883.3.526.3.3003)"
    • "Laboratory Test, Performed: Glucose [Mass/volume] in Serum or Plasma --2 hours post 75 g glucose PO" using "Glucose [Mass/volume] in Serum or Plasma --2 hours post 75 g glucose PO (LOINC Code 1518-0)"
    • "Laboratory Test, Performed: Glucose [Moles/volume] in Serum or Plasma --2 hours post 75 g glucose PO" using "Glucose [Moles/volume] in Serum or Plasma --2 hours post 75 g glucose PO (LOINC Code 14995-5)"
    • "Laboratory Test, Performed: HbA1c Laboratory Test" using "HbA1c Laboratory Test (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.198.12.1013)"
    • "Medication, Not Ordered: Metformin" using "Metformin (2.16.840.1.113883.3.526.3.3000)"
    • "Medication, Order: Metformin" using "Metformin (2.16.840.1.113883.3.526.3.3000)"
    • "Patient Characteristic Birthdate: Birth date" using "Birth date (LOINC Code 21112-8)"
    • "Patient Characteristic Ethnicity: Ethnicity" using "Ethnicity (2.16.840.1.114222.4.11.837)"
    • "Patient Characteristic Payer: Payer" using "Payer (2.16.840.1.114222.4.11.3591)"
    • "Patient Characteristic Race: Race" using "Race (2.16.840.1.114222.4.11.836)"
    • "Patient Characteristic Sex: ONC Administrative Sex" using "ONC Administrative Sex (2.16.840.1.113762.1.4.1)"

    Supplemental Data Elements

    Risk Adjustment Variables


    Measure Set